The claim

A2’s account of CASE-104 explains a minority-held public stance by preference falsification, unequal participation and amplification. This claim adds a prior cause: who the fanbase is. Giulianotti’s spectators (THEORY-1111) differ in how central the club is to them and on what basis. Supporters, and fans in their thicker forms, produce the visible expressions of a stance. Followers and flâneurs mostly do not. The stance “the fans” are credited with is therefore the hot types’ stance, whatever their share of the whole.

What it does not say

  • Not that supporters are a minority. Their share is unmeasured.
  • Not that the stance is not the fanbase’s. If the fanbase as organized speaks through its committed members, the credit may be due; that is QUESTION-119’s question.

Note of 2026-10-29: what holds it back

It grounds on THEORY-1111’s taxonomy, which is unmeasured, and its own defeat condition names the missing result: survey evidence on whether spectators’ type of attachment predicts taking part in the expressions that make up a fanbase’s stance.