John T. Cacioppo, Wendi L. Gardner & Gary G. Berntson (1997), Personality and Social Psychology Review 1(1):3–25 — DOI-10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2
Key takeaways
Registered, not read. The authors’ 2010 review (LIT-1438) names this paper and its 1999 sequel as the statement of the evaluative space model (ESM). It reports these postulates from them:
- positivity and negativity are functionally separable;
- they can be activated reciprocally, independently, or together;
- coactivation is objective ambivalence, which is distinct from the neutral low-low state although both yield the same middling net predisposition;
- the activation functions are asymmetric (negativity bias, positivity offset).
The 2010 review also says this paper extended the person-positivity bias to non-human targets, “including fish and insects”.
Standing in the record
Filed on 2026-10-23 for the record’s proposal that hedonic valence is one ordering serving as the negotiation’s potential (CLAIM-440), whose fourth consequence separates ambivalence from neutrality. The ESM separates them too, on a different basis. See NOTE-1101.
No instruction for machine-learning practice; nothing here belongs in the anthology.