The claim

“Northstar’s internal procedures are not morally or historically analogous to the regime he described. We invoke Fraenkel for one structural insight about institutional authority, not as a generic model of organizations or agency.”

What it changes

It undercuts ARG-003 in every respect but the structural one, which is why that argument names its respect and its non-transfers explicitly.

Note of 2026-10-28: split under ADR-061

“The Dual State supplies one structural point and nothing more” is a verdict on the inference from the Dual State to CLAIM-086, so under ADR-061 it belongs to ARG-003, whose version 2 records it. What stays here is the paper’s own caution about Northstar (Section 5.6), which the manuscript needs as a claim about its subject, and which narrows ARG-003 to its structural respect. The quoted text above is unchanged.